ABSTRACT
This chapter examines areas of behavior that are less closely related to overall or global self-esteem (divergent validity) and areas that are more closely related (convergent validity). Self-esteem is defined here as a hierarchical set of self-evaluations that vary from highly specific to global levels of worthiness. In this analysis we will consider self-esteem at the global level, since most research has focused on this definition (Kernis, 2003). Our analysis will examine self-esteem that is defined in a stable or trait-like manner rather than self-esteem defined as a state or as variability in self-esteem. Our analysis will focus primarily on Mruks (1999) worthiness dimension while considering the importance of realistic vs. defensive self-esteem. Finally, we will consider the “downside” of high self-esteem involving defensiveness, narcissism, and unstable self-esteem that may have negative implications for adaptation (e.g., Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice, 1993; Kernis, 2003; Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001).
