ABSTRACT
Shifters in spoken languages are terms such as the first person pronoun I and the locative and temporal adverbs here and now. For their reference, such terms depend on who uses them. If A says I, the term is understood as referring to A; if B says I, B is intended. Correspondingly, here is understood as referring to a location including the sender, no matter where the sender is; now includes the time of the utterance, no matter when it is said.
