ABSTRACT
Virtually all human beings and most social systems are capable of employing a variety of planning modes. Faced with a threat or an opportunity, they choose a mode from their repertoire: here consulting broadly and seeking consensus; there going full speed ahead in pursuit of a grand vision. If one mode fails, they are capable of shifting to another. Indeed, canny adversaries confronting a play in one style recognize that other forms are in reserve. A carrot is offered but a stick lies in reserve; the collapse of comprehensive planning may be followed by aggressive and flexible opportunism. Adversaries sensibly respond both to what they see before them and to tomorrow's possibilities.
