ABSTRACT
Wood-pastures are treed landscapes that were formed and shaped by human management and natural processes – with these, they are important elements of the European ecological and cultural identity. Wood-pastures belong to the oldest land-use types in Europe (Luick, 2008). They were used in a multifunctional way for centuries, most typically by low-intensity grazing combined with coppicing and/or pollarding (Jørgensen and Quelch, this volume). Since these management techniques were general across Europe, wood-pastures were once common on this continent (Ellenberg, 1978).
