ABSTRACT
Until the end of the twentieth century, the dominant mode of communicating science was simple transmission of information. The ideal mode has now shifted, however, from one-way transmission to some form of two-way, participatory practice. The one-way mode originated within the telecommunications industry (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). The communication aim is for a ‘source’ to transmit a message to a ‘receiver’ without distortion, but ‘noise’ is a real and practical problem.
