ABSTRACT
Regret is both emotional and cognitive. This double character of regret was emphasized by Landman (1987). As an emotional phenomenon it includes, at the very least, an element of displeasure or dissatisfaction. As a cognitive phenomenon, it implies counterfactual thinking, that is, the consideration of alternative actions. In conformity with this duality, Landman (1993) defines regret as a “painful cognitive/emotional state of feeling sorry for misfortunes, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings, or mistakes” (p. 36). As such, it may include “features of disappointment, sadness, remorse, and guilt, but… can also be distinguished from these” (p. 56). Generally speaking, regret is a broader concept than remorse or guilt. In addition, although frequently felt in relation to actions or inactions belonging to the past and for whom the
person bears responsibility, regret can also involve “uncontrollable and accidental” events (p. 36). The psychological importance of regret is suggested by studies that found a relationship between the existence of regret (when no actions were taken to make changes) and well being (i.e., Stewart & Vandewater, 1999).
