Cicero's Court Speeches: The Spoken Text Versus the Published Text Some Remarks From the Point of View of the Communication Theory of Text

As is generally known, the relation between a text as delivered and the same text as it was published has repeatedly puzzled scholars dealing with Cicero's speeches, especially those delivered in court. The question of the character and scope of the changes made by the orator for publication purposes has been raised over and over again, both in synthetically oriented studies and in analyses of individual speeches. This question is implicit even in the works of those scholars who explicitly renounce asking it.