ABSTRACT
Industrialization in the 20th century brought unprecedented changes to the land of Chinggis Khan. 5 As in other nations, the process of modernization has resulted in both benefits and costs. On the benefit side, the national economy has grown and the social infrastructure, including health care, education, power supply, transportation, and communication, has expanded dramatically. Simultaneously, however, the by-products of economic development, particularly pollution and urbanization, threaten the integrity of the environment and the stability of cultural institutions.
