ABSTRACT
Alphabetics refers to the system of representing words and phonemes with letters and includes phonemic awareness, grapheme-phoneme correspondences, and spelling patterns. It also refers to the use of alphabetic knowledge to spell words and to read words by sight, by decoding, by analogy, and by prediction. Phonemic awareness (PA) instruction teaches students how to manipulate phonemes in spoken words, with letters sometimes used to support instruction. Systematic phonics instruction teaches the major grapheme-phoneme correspondences and their use to decode and spell words.
