ABSTRACT
It is difficult to identify a more distinguishing feature of the development of higher education in the twentieth century than the transformation from elite to mass higher education. At the beginning of the twentieth century, around 500,000 students were enrolled worldwide, representing approximately 1 per cent of the college-age population (Banks, 2001). Approximately a hundred years later, the number of students had skyrocketed to 180 million and is expected to reach 265 million in 2025 (Goddard, 2012). Without any exaggeration, the expansion of both scale and complexity was the most fundamental change in higher education in the previous century. In particular, as Peter Scott (1995) notes, the development of mass higher education cannot be understood simply in terms of the growth in the number of students, faculties or institutions.
