ABSTRACT
Imagine you are watching television and an ad comes on the screen. 1 A
video of the twin towers on September 11th zooms in on the gaping, burning holes from the hijacked planes, bringing to mind the horrifi c fates of
those on the planes and trapped in the World Trade Center buildings. Warning that the threat of terrorist attacks still looms large, the narrator urges you to support a particular political candidate. Or your TV screen is fi lled by the pained face of a man who has been hospitalized with throat and lung cancer, and yet doggedly expresses his intent to be alive for his daughter’s upcoming visit. This scene is followed by the stark message that the man died before his daughter arrived, as well as an appeal for viewers to quit smoking.2
