ABSTRACT
Many aspects of scientific research systems worldwide trace their origins to Europe. European diversity, culture and competition were key components in the evolution of the research practices now in place across the globe. In particular, the foundations of research integrity are rooted in the standards and practices of many European institutions. However, the development of these standards and practices into a system for promoting integrity in research has taken place without systematic planning or regulation. The recent development of European research includes some high-profile cases of poor practice (Edwards, 1986; Horton, 2006; Lucent Technologies, 2002; Smith, 2006). These cases of misconduct raise questions as to whether current mechanisms and safeguards are sufficient to: (1) prevent misconduct in research projects in the European context; (2) detect any occurrence of such behaviour; and (3) investigate and apply appropriate sanctions to those perpetrating such behaviours. The problems are particularly acute in the context of cross-national collaboration. Although Europe, in global terms, is often treated as a single entity with respect to research, there remain many differences both within and between countries in the norms for and approaches to research. Such differences can contribute to difficulties in the area of research integrity. A number of European and international organizations have been established to further cooperation in research and the sharing of research results. These organizations have engaged in a debate over standards and integrity in research, a process that has gathered pace in recent years.
