ABSTRACT
Only a couple of decades ago, attempts to curb corruption were national in nature and revolved around the sporadic measures taken by less than wholehearted governments. But comprehensive initiatives aimed at fighting corruption have proliferated since the early 1990s, spearheaded by the World Bank, the OECD, the United Nations, and NGOs such as Transparency International. These efforts have been translated into numerous international anti-corruption conventions. Many more initiatives have been launched during the present decade, including multi-stakeholder partnerships, business-driven anti-corruption networks, and anti-corruption tools and compliance programs developed by private consultancy firms and software producers.
