ABSTRACT
Others, who do not have this kind of Islamic legitimacy, have to react to the strategic use of Islam by those who do. They may choose to adopt a strongly anti-Islamic agenda (e.g., the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan before 1985), make symbolic gestures to counter the delegitimization process (PDPA between 1985 and 1992), or be pressed to accommodate religious demands (Hamid Karzai from 2004 until the present). In all cases, such actors are at a strong disadvantage in a very conservative and religious Muslim country.
