ABSTRACT
174This chapter reviews some of the prescriptive principles that, based on research or experience, have been identified for facilitating effective, efficient, and engaging instruction. For the purposes of this chapter, instruction is defined as a deliberate attempt to design a product or environment that facilitates the acquisition of specified learning goals. This chapter first reviews the first principles of instruction identified by Merrill (2002a). In the second section, recent specifications of instructional design principles are compared to these first principles. The final section reviews approaches for designing instruction centered in whole tasks.
