ABSTRACT

principals and characteristics, and the extensive research base that formed the early foundations of the IDT field. The most prominent models of programmed technologies are reviewed, including programmed instruction (PI), Personalized System of Instruction (PSI), and Precision Teaching (PT). Programmed technologies represent some of the most empirically investigated forms of

Programmed technologies of instruction have played an important role in the origins and development of the field of instructional design and technology (IDT). This chapter addresses the historical evolution of programmed technologies, their underlying psychological 188instruction, with decades of studies that examined their effectiveness. The modified application of programmed technologies in current models of teaching and learning reflects the long-standing impact of these design approaches on instructional systems development.