ABSTRACT
One of the classic themes in the study of urban political history is the clash between the Boss and the Reformer. According to traditional accounts machines dominated local politics through party organizations, created corrupt and inefficient government, and were supported by immigrant masses who had been bribed into loyalty.1 Municipal reformers on the other hand sought clean government run by experts and supported by a knowledgeable, decisive electorate, which would allow elected officials freedom to pursue growth and development.2 Yet, despite these important differences, machine and reform coalitions shared many more characteristics than the conventional wisdom would suggest.
