Ball–foot interaction in impact phase of instep soccer kicking

Previous authors who have analysed foot angular kinematics during ball contact reported only on its plantar flexion motion (Asami and Nolte, 1983; Asai et al., 1995, 2002; Tol et al., 2002; Nunome et al., 2006). However, in instep kicking, soccer players usually strike the ball with the medial side of the instep not with the centre of instep (Tol et al., 2002). In these cases, the foot moves threedimensionally and includes abduction/adduction and inversion/eversion motions.