ABSTRACT
As Nietzsche (1886) prophesized in the above quotation, the “interlude” was nearly 100 or so years before the process of political and economic unifi cation began in Europe. When one reads to the end of the above sentence in the book, Nietzsche declared “Europe wants to be one.” The aim of this chapter is ambitious, that is we attempt to survey different traditions in mathematics education within Europe particularly in Germany, France, and Italy. We chose these countries because in spite of their geographic proximity, namely shared borders between Germany-France-Italy, the mathematics education research traditions reveal a rich heterogeneity, which make it particularly appealing for the purpose of examining similarities and differences and their historic origins.
