ABSTRACT
Foreign nations’ militaries have long influenced the development of Latin America’s armed forces. This process, which included the training of officers and enlisted personnel, as well as the sale of modern military technology, became quite common in the late nineteenth century. Peru, blithely ignoring the Franco-Prussian War, hired four French officers who, under the leadership of Captain Paul Clément, arrived to revamp its army. Peru’s neighbors opted for a Teutonic solution: in 1886, Emil Körner, a Saxon captain who could never expect to reach the rank of major in the Kaiser’s army, arrived in Chile.
