Work integration social enterprises: are they multiple-goal and multi-stakeholder organizations?

A multi-stakeholder character and a multiple-goal nature are claimed to be important aspects of social enterprises as they were previously analysed by the EMES European Research Network (Borzaga and Defourny 2001). However, although these features have been underlined by various authors in theoretical terms, empirical evidence of their existence is still rather limited. This chapter, therefore, aims to take a step forward by conducting a deeper analysis of multi-stakeholder and multiple-goal characters in work integration social enterprises (WISEs) across Europe.