Crossing ethnic boundaries: The challenge of Brazilian Nikkeijin return migrants in Japan

Kokusaika, or internationalization, has become one of the most pervasive ideologies in Japan today. Despite its efforts to become more visible and influential abroad, however, Japan’s record of internationalizing on the domestic front is much more mixed. The most problematic aspect of Japan’s domestic internationalization is its reluctance to accept foreign peoples, despite its wholesale importation of foreign popular culture and English words.