ABSTRACT
It has been called Mesopotamia, or the country between the two rivers. The cradle of civilisations has witnessed the great changes and developments of mankind and societies over thousand of years. Great cities and empires were built on this land, from Babel and Sumer to Baghdad and Basrah; history shows the great achievement of this country. It has been recognised that history and engineering were born in what’s known today as Iraq. 1 This country has witnessed an unprecedented turmoil from 1980–1988 during the Iran-Iraq war and the 1990 the Gulf war, and is facing great challenges in trying to rebuild in the presence of crippling international sanctions.
