ABSTRACT
The sports system in Germany is characterised by a strong voluntary sector that consists of numerous clubs and federations. The foundation of these so-called non-profit organisations can be traced back to the beginning of the nineteenth century. As described in Chapter 1 and 2 of this volume, gymnastics were popularised through the work of GutsMuths and Jahn and their colleagues. This initial form of gymnastics included throwing, jumping and ‘formal’ physical exercises, but was extended after the publication of a jointly written book, Die deutsche Turnkunst (Manual of German Gymnastics) by Jahn and Eiselen (1813), which aimed at improving physical health, shaping and strengthening the body, improving dexterity as well as courage, and stimulating intellectual and moral growth. The extended range of activities incorporated climbing, running and wrestling. Jahn and Eiselen invented a variety of apparatus such as parallel bars, and with the establishment of outdoor public gymnastics areas and gymnastics halls there was soon an increase in interest and involvement in physical exercise.
