ABSTRACT
Environmental justice refers to fair distribution of environmental risks, burdens, and benefits between populations, as well as to the meaningful involvement of all people with regards to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental policies and laws. Environmental justice movements aim to protect groups from unfair treatment and exclusion. Many actors of global environmental justice are indigenous and traditional communities, as well as ethnically discriminated groups, often engaged in a fight against environmental racism. Environmental justice theories and movements have also increasingly insisted on the importance of discussing the obligations that humans should have toward other living species, in particular animals. Theories of environmental justice can also contain an intergenerational dimension. Climate justice is a complex and pressing case of environmental justice. Any reasonable principle discussing adaptation to climate change will raise the central issue that not all countries will be impacted in the same way, and that not all countries have the same capability to respond to the problem.
