ABSTRACT
The emerging agrarian systems are more dynamic in terms of diver-sified land-use and farming. Various development interventions by the state in country-specific contexts aimed at sedentarisation of the pastoralists and shifting cultivators, have also stimulated the process of agrarian transformation in many of these regions. The literature is replete in terms of identification and characterisation of rubber-integrated farming systems, but there is a lack of empirical understanding of the likely impact on the livelihoods of the smallholder communities in the mountainous regions in particular, and from the perspective of a livelihood systems analytical framework. The human capital signifies the active labour stock available for wage work with qualitative dimensions denoted by literacy, better health, etc. The extent of household diversification into activities other than rubber and other farming practices is an important indicator determining the sustainability of livelihoods of the smallholders.
