ABSTRACT
Competition for research resources has become more international: competition for funding has got stiffer, and competition for jobs has become global, making researchers themselves increasingly mobile. Institutions of higher education also define their own policies of internationalisation and language use at a level that is more specific than any national political document likes to commit itself to. The strongest undercurrent emanating from the internationalisation statements across the board was competition. Several of the universities quite openly operationalised competition as success in international university rankings. Documented policies left actual language questions relatively implicit, apart from the general promotion of English-medium instruction as if synonymous to internationalisation. A very frequently mentioned practice in the case studies was moving between languages, either language mixing, translanguaging, or the commonest of all, code-switching. The chapter also presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book.
