ABSTRACT
Specific estimates of prevalence of gender dysphoria vary across studies and depend heavily on the definitions used, the populations studied, and the methods of data collection. The search for causes of gender dysphoria is dominated by biological and genetic research and many researchers and activists oppose this research on both methodological and ethical grounds. Twin studies of gender dysphoria have found monozygotic (identical) twins have much higher rates of concordance for gender dysphoria than dizygotic (fraternal) twins of the same or different genders, although the majority of identical twins are discordant for gender dysphoria. The predominant goal for intervention should be assisting individuals through the process of determining what will allow them to feel content with their gender identity. Treatment for gender dysphoria may include a variety of hormone therapies, surgeries, voice/behavioral coaching, and supportive counseling. Some researchers who agree that gender dysphoria should continue to be a diagnostic category still criticize the diagnostic criteria.
