ABSTRACT
One of the most important efforts in crossnational survey research in the 1980s has been the Human Values Project conducted by Gallup International. Although genuine democracies tolerate a diversity of religious opinion and encourage participation by all citizens, pseudo- or limited democracies may manifest both religious belief and exclusionary political attitudes at the same time. As in the case of religious values, self-reported patriotism also varies greatly among the pluralist democracies in the 1980s. The level of patriotism in the United States and Great Britain seems much stronger than in West Germany or Japan. Similar variations occur among and within nations as to the degree to which citizens value the equality of economic condition. The preference for equality in Britain rested nearly at the US level while the degree of support for it in France and Japan was equidistant from the two extremes of Italy and the United States.
