ABSTRACT
This chapter describes three dimensions of the problem—theory, history and organization. It considers the cultural development as a dialogue between cosmopolitanism, nationalism and localism. The chapter looks at cultural processes as jointly occurring through supranational, national and subnational processes. It also considers cultural outcomes as involving the interaction of market, bureaucratic and network mechanisms, each having both negative and positive effects. The chapter provides a broad definition of cultural policy—any state effort directly to manage or indirectly to affect any cultural process. The extraordinary success of Nationalist cultural policy in shaping Taiwan's post-war cultural development is another sort of "miracle" that is only beginning to receive the attention it deserves. Direct cultural policy involves cultural management or cultural programs; indirect cultural policy may operate through political, economic or social policies. The main thrust of cultural policy toward Taiwanese was universalization of primary education, in Mandarin.
