ABSTRACT
In contending that military professionalism constitutes a guarantee of efficiency and has a zero-sum relationship with political control, Kolkowicz embraces an assumption that already has wide support. Roman Kolkowicz bases his assumptions about the adversary relationship on somewhat metaphysical grounds. Professional officers also concern themselves with controlling human behavior, and for control techniques they tend to turn to habit, tradition, and historical precedent, that is, considerations that can be included in Moore's third criterion, tradition. Ethnic representation in the Soviet high command suggests that members of some of the national minorities have found the military a route of upward social mobility. Personal cliques and coalitions of cliques take shape in bureaucracies, but they differ generically from interest groups. Selznick's category confusion seems to arise from a failure to treat both internal war and external war as particular cases of the general concept of "war." Engels focused on the potential for war between social groupings and institutions within the state.
