ABSTRACT
World War II marked a "scientification" of technology not only for war purposes but also for the civilian market which was emerging after the war. With the increasing "scientification" of technology and innovations, the industry in advanced societies has moved closer to university research. In the US, there has always been a close relationship between university research and commercial applications. It started with the so called Route 128 phenomenon when enterprises grew up along Route 128 around Boston and Cambridge in New England. In free-market as well as centralized planned economies, industry is seen to be the most effective means of producing and marketing the products. A special position is taken by the Transnational Corporations (TNCs). Their role has long been a subject of great controversy, especially in relation to developing countries. The chapter shows that the criticism and skepticism of the TNCs has been considerable among the Arab countries in North Africa and the Middle East.
