ABSTRACT
The major problems of surface mining in the Appalachian region stem from geologic conditions and the steepness of slope. The innovations in surface mining methods include controlled placement techniques, including haulback, flat-top or mountaintop removal methods, and longwall stripping. The stimulus for improving the surface mining methods has come in the form of new state surface-mining laws. Regarding reclamation, the law requires herbaceous as well as woody revegetation, a mandatory two-growing-season waiting period before bond release can be considered, and quantitative revegetative success before final bond release. Even multiple-seam contour mining has received a face-lift through experimentations by the Tennessee Valley Authority. To construct a valley fill, the head of the particular hollow is cleared of all existing vegetation and timber before the disposition of material begins. Following completion of the drainage system and state approval, the initial cut is disposed of in the valley fill.
