ABSTRACT
From a Western perspective, gender has long been conceptualized as a binary construct. However, across the globe non-binary gender identities (i.e., identities which do not adhere to the dichotomous male/female conceptualization of gender) have historically existed, fully embedded within several cultures. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, non-binary gender identities have progressively expanded into global consciousness through the proliferation of transgender lives in the media. Unfortunately, even within this context of widening knowledge and awareness, misunderstandings and biases regarding non-binary identities persist. Non-binary identified individuals face profound disparities in mental health and quality of life, similar to individuals who identify as transgender. However, non-binary individuals face these challenges with markedly less societal representation and thus with considerably fewer protections. This chapter defines common conceptualizations of non-binary gender identities, explores the global and historical contexts of non-binary gender concepts, and examines the impacts (both favorable and problematic) of globalization upon international conceptualizations of gender identity and upon individual processes of exploration and self-identification.
