ABSTRACT
Any approach to classifying the different types of dictionaries may have absolute or relative validity, as long as the classification is the result of a rigorous execution of the criterion or criteria underpinning the method chosen. If we adhere to, for example, the traditional distinction (based on a semiotic model) of linguistic lexicography/encyclopaedic lexicography, the first pair of prototypes would be linguistic dictionary/encyclopaedia. If, on the other hand, we embrace a strictly linguistic model, the initial prototypes would be monolingual dictionary/bilingual dictionary (thus, multilingual).
Applying a strictly material criterion (format), determined by the application of new technologies to the creation of dictionaries, the distinction would be printed lexicography/digital lexicography, with the corresponding duality being printed dictionary/digital dictionary.
The typology of Spanish dictionaries that we propose is based on the principle of immanence applied to the general monolingual dictionary. We recognize, however, that the lexicography of Europe’s modern languages has its roots in bilingual lexicography. Therefore, we start from the basis of universal classifiers, but assign pre-eminence to the identity factors that shape the lexicographic history of any language.
The macrostructure of the dictionary (nomenclature: entry) allows us to justify and classify the different types of paradigmatic dictionaries.
The microstructure of the lexicographical article gives rise to the grouping of dictionaries depending on each of their elements. In accordance with the nature of the general dictionary: normative dictionary (academic and pedagogical)/descriptive dictionary (manual, basic and fundamental). If we focus upon usage labels and variations, the groupings are: temporal (etymological, historical), geolinguistic (regional), socio-cultural (specialized, jargon), diaphasic (formal/ colloquial) and semantic changes (ambiguous, humor). If, instead, we concentrate on quotes, or examples, we justify the long list of syntagmatic dictionaries.
The typology of the bilingual (multilingual) dictionary is largely determined by the preeminence of the monolingual dictionary, and also by the specific characteristics of its microstructure (semi-bilingual).
The digital dictionary or lexical and linguistic database addresses the needs of users through the atomistic classification generated by the wide variety of print dictionaries.
