ABSTRACT
Art and placemaking are associated with ‘creative placemaking,’ a term created by Ann Markusen and Anne Gadwa in their 2010 Creative Placemaking White Paper for the USA’s National Endowments for the Arts. Since 2010, creative placemaking as presented by Markusen and Gadwa has been critiqued, not least by themselves and keenly along lines of race and power, and vis-à-vis regeneration and gentrification. Placemaking, as understood in this Handbook, does not work with or towards the ideal, but with the real – it’s a messy process and it’s conflicted and it’s open to a healthy critique. The chapter includes global case studies of Whitehead’s work, epistemologically driven practice experiments under the concept of the Embedded Artist. It focuses on ways artists have enhanced the meaning and outcomes of the public participation process in planning in the United States.
