ABSTRACT
This chapter explores growth of a social and penal policy approach which favours expulsion rather than integration, and which disrupts the long-standing traditions of social inclusion and penal welfarism, which have been the central building blocks of Nordic exceptionalism. It outlines how, faced with prospects and realities of mass migration, Nordic societies are opting for policing, imprisonment, and the use of the penal system as the preferred mode of creating social order. The chapter examines the duality of Nordic welfare states. Like the Nordic countries, Dutch criminal justice policies have long been characterized as ‘tolerant’, lenient, and liberal: permissive towards many vices, foreigner-friendly, blessed with a mild penal climate, and perceived to be a beacon of moderation. Nordic countries have also dedicated considerable policing efforts and resources to migration and border policing. With nationalist parties gaining traction throughout Europe, not just in the Nordic countries, inhospitality and intolerance thereby seem to have become the dominant voice and the new normal.
