ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the symbiotic relationship between Ganga and the initial occupation and expansion of the prominent ancient religious establishments of the Varanasi region. It highlights the major factors governing the make-up and growth of this sacred landscape. The Varanasi city in its earliest phase extended from the confluence of Ganga and Varuna to the east of the railway station complex. The Varanasi region forms an integral part of the middle Ganga plain, which is composed of thick alluvial deposits. Three tributary streams – Assi, Varuna and Rajapur – of Ganga appear to have contributed significantly to the make-up of Varanasi. According to the Buddhist legends, Assi, a small rain-fed stream of Ganga, formed the southern boundary of Varanasi. The vast cultural zone of Varanasi was defined by two tendencies of occupation: one on the banks of the major river Ganga, and the other, along the smaller rivers/streams further inland.
