ABSTRACT
This chapter takes stock of the use of the BES in different countries and concludes that its psychometric properties are quite good and that it has greatly advanced knowledge about empathy. The chapter summarises some key findings from previous chapters about empathy in relation to offending, aggression, and bullying. Generally, low empathy is related to antisocial behaviour, but results vary with gender and with type of offending. Implications are drawn for interventions to increase empathy. It is recommended that a consortium of researchers from different countries should collaborate to improve and revise the BES, to carry out longitudinal studies on empathy and antisocial behaviour, and to conduct experimental research to assess the effects of interventions to increase empathy.
