ABSTRACT
This chapter examines translingualism between French and English from the Norman Conquest to the present. It proposes four categories for differentiating between types of translingual engagement: temporary ambilingualism, integral literary bilingualism, language and migration, and language mixing in francophone communities. In each of the four sections, we review a series of relevant examples and consider why writers have written in non-native languages and how translingualism has informed their literary projects.
