ABSTRACT
As a phenomenon that involves using one or more languages other than your primary in literature, literary translingualism is ubiquitous in almost all cultures and at all times. Traces of the earliest Persian literary translingual practices are explored since the dawn of the earliest Persian empires. Translingual scribes and translators were useful tools for ancient Persian kings in commemoration and administration. Arabo-Persian language contact following the Arab conquest of Persia has had long-standing impact upon Persian literature. Literary bi/trilingualism is also evident in literature by Urdu-speaking poets of the Indian subcontinent. Translingual practices of the Persian-speaking diaspora writers such as Satrapi, Baraheni, Hosseini, and Rahimi are also investigated.
