ABSTRACT
Edward Tylor saw anthropology to be in the lineage of universal history and interdisciplinarity. Human studies continued to be hampered by pseudo-scientific theory, which included crude notions of biological and social evolution that set up hierarchies of superior and inferior species, races and societies. As the concept of a global humanity gained wider support, it led to the professionalization of human studies. Culture or Civilization is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Many Europeans viewed human society as a stage of global and progressive advancement, but one in which western European society formed the leading edge, a logic that often became justification for overseas expansion. Different cultural traditions had fascinated people for millennia, and, as more studious works came into being, they continued to mingle with populist representations of humanity.
