ABSTRACT
In bureaucratic organizations, the bulk of staff know what to do by reference to a detailed corpus of written regulations which prescribe precise, organization-specific responses to the various situations that each worker is expected to encounter in the course of his duties. Motivation to act in keeping with organizational needs is provided by close hierarchical supervision, which makes use of the detailed regulations as criteria for the evaluation of workers' performance. Two basic approaches may be found in the literature regarding the meaning attributed to 'development' in the term 'development administration'. The administrative ecology school sees the special character of development administration as deriving from the special characteristics of society in the developing nations. The most prominent exponent of this approach is Fred Riggs. The social engineering approach accepts the basic theoretical tenets of administrative ecology, but presents a somewhat more optimistic outlook regarding the possibility of improving administrative performance.
