Russia is an important element in any discussion of the long term prospects for the missile and space technology of established space powers. This chapter discusses Soviet missile and space technology and related infrastructure before and after the break-up of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It reviews the status of and prospects for new missile developments and space activities. The slowdown of missile development can be observed from the decrease in missile testing. The chapter considers how different domestic outcomes would affect Russia's response to a global non-proliferation regime. The national space program continues after a period of acute uncertainty due to the transition from the Soviet Union to Russia. The proposal to provide third world countries with access to the existing space launch capabilities should receive a positive response from the Russian missile and space industry. A special department called the Ministry of General Machine-building was in charge of the missile and space industry.