ABSTRACT
Tanzania has followed a similar pattern of modernization combined with the utilization of nationalist rhetoric and its promise of the provision of social goods. African politics in the 1980s have been dogged by instability, militarism, and the absence of democratic rights. These phenomena have come to symbolize the end of the euphoria over nationalism and the aspirations generated during the independence era. Part of the dialectic of demobilization and depoliticization is the way in which workers, peasants, and independent artisans seek new ways of expression outside of party control. The Sungu Sungu arose in the most populous regions of Tanzania as a popular peasant army reacting to the cattle rustling and illegal smuggling of gold and ivory from the rural areas. The Morogoro Shoe Company is an instructive example of how an industry located in Tanzania with World Bank credit saddled the economy with huge losses.
