ABSTRACT
Two forms of interest intermediation in particular - bureaucratic enfranchisement and policy incorporation - have arisen in the United States as substitutes for or complements to traditional party political and parliamentary forms of citizen access to government and of the political processing of their demands, interests, and claims. Large American cities were an important arena for the new political relationships, produced out of the intersection of new federal programs aimed at lower income neighborhoods, of political movements attacking government legitimacy, and mass violence in the form of ghetto riots. The chapter examines the characteristics and historical development of social conflicts and movements in urban settings in the Federal Republic of Germany prior to the formation of new incorporation strategies. It analyzes the specific modes of incorporation which have in fact emerged, both in parliamentary terms through the Green Party, and in administrative terms through linkages between a select number of movement organizations and the state bureaucracy.
