“For dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return”

The millions of deaths during the Holocaust and the unprecedented number of unmarked mass graves created during this period created several complex challenges for individuals, communities, religious leaders, forensic investigators, and archaeologists. This chapter summarizes these challenges and considers the various ways in which the actions of the Nazis and their collaborators violated Jewish customs and religious sites. It also addresses the reactions to the issue of mass and unmarked burial sites after World War II from the Jewish community and beyond. It concludes with a discussion of how non-invasive archaeological methods offer the opportunity to examine Holocaust sites while being considerate of Jewish law.