ABSTRACT
This chapter explores how the impact of the First World War contributed to and accelerated the rise of modern surveillance structures in Scandinavia, and how this evolution affected state policy on border control, migration, foreign espionage, and other external threats to the state. Norway is the main case, but the chapter also addresses the development in Denmark and Sweden in a comparative perspective of the three kingdoms. The Aliens Act of 1915 met but minor opposition in the Norwegian parliament, and most of the amendments were adopted unopposed. Outbreaks of "spy mania" or "spy fever" continued to sweep through the population of the belligerent nations during the war, even reaching neutral states such as the Scandinavian countries. The interwar exclusion of minorities was thus replaced in the post-war era by an integration line based on the premises of high modernism. The other should no longer be on the outside of society but become an integral part of the welfare society.
