ABSTRACT
In their efforts to compensate for the barriers emanating from the racist and class structure of American society, black men tended to monopolize positions of religious leadership in most African American religious groups. Some black women turned to Spiritualism as an alternative vehicle to religious leadership. Indeed, women played an important role in the establishment of the earliest black Spiritual churches. As the Spiritual movement became institutionalized, the battle of the sexes ensued, and men came to appropriate the highest positions of leadership in certain Spiritual groups. Nevertheless, even in these groups, women tend to occupy more significant positions than they do in Black mainstream churches and even many Black Holiness-Pentecostal sects. Whereas the Spiritual movement empowers women at a personal level, it has not empowered women at a structural level
