ABSTRACT
Among his many contributions to sociology and criminology, Jim Short is renowned for his attention to theory and measurement. In particular, he implored social scientists to pay more attention to mid-range behaviors, processes, and theories. Gangs, of course, are particularly well-suited to this purpose. But the study of mid-range behavior requires attention to more than the characteristics of the group; it requires definitions and measurement of processes. It is in this attention to the “sparks” that motivate group action that Jim provided unique and lasting insights, particularly in the role of status threats to group functioning and survival. This chapter examines the group process perspective. We begin with a focus on measurement issues, which remains a central element in the study of gangs and encompasses both intra- and inter-group processes. As the term implies, “process” requires attention to cohesion and collective action, normative orientations, and definitions, routine activity and opportunity, and status concerns. It is clear from this discussion that Jim’s work continues to have relevance for current and future studies of gangs and other forms of collective behavior.
